Arthur Zimmermann - Profile

Arthur Zimmermann (October 5, 1864–June 6, 1940) worked as the German Foreign Secretary during 1916 to 1917 (mid World War 1), when he sent the Zimmermann Telegram, a diplomatic document that clumsily tried to trigger a Mexican invasion of the U.S. and contributed to America’s entry into the war. The coded message earned Zimmermanns lasting infamy as a hapless failure. Fast Facts: Arthur Zimmermann Known For: Writing and sending the historic Zimmermann NoteBorn: October 5, 1864 in Marggrabowa, East Prussia, Kingdom of PrussiaDied: June 6, 1940 in Berlin, GermanyEducation: Doctorate of law, studied in Leipzig and Kà ¶nigsberg (now Kaliningrad) Early Career Born in present-day Olecko, Poland, Zimmermann followed a career in the German civil service, moving to the diplomatic branch in 1905. By 1913, he had a major role, thanks partly to the Foreign Secretary Gottlieb von Jagow, who left much of the face to face negotiations and meetings to Zimmermann. Indeed, he was acting as Foreign Secretary alongside German Emperor Wilhelm II and Chancellor Bethmann Hollweg in 1914, when Germany decided to support Austria-Hungary against Serbia (and thus Russia), and enter the First World War. Zimmermann himself drafted the telegram giving notice of the countrys commitment. Soon most of Europe was fighting each other, and hundreds of thousands were being killed. Germany, in the middle of it all, managed to stay afloat. Arguments Over Submarine Strategy Unrestricted submarine warfare, which was likely to provoke a U.S. declaration of war against Germany, involved using submarines to attack any shipping they found, whether or not it appeared to be from neutral nations. Although America subscribed to an odd notion of neutrality at the best of times and warned early on that such tactics would draw them into the fray, U.S. civilian and shipping craft was a major target. Jagow remained German Foreign Secretary until the middle of 1916, when he resigned in protest at the governments decision to resume this style of submarine warfare. Zimmermann was appointed his replacement on November 25, partly because of his talents, but mainly because of his complete support of the submarine policy and the military rulers, Hindenburg and Ludendorff. Reacting to the American threat, Zimmermann proposed an alliance with both Mexico and Japan to create a ground war on U.S. soil. However, the telegram of instructions sent to his Mexican ambassador in March 1917 was intercepted by the British⠁  Ã¢â‚¬â€not entirely honorably, but alls fair—and passed onto the U.S. for maximum effect. It became known as the Zimmermann Note, severely embarrassed Germany, and contributed to the American publics support for war. Americans were understandably angered by Germanys attempt to send bloodshed to their country, and were keener than ever to export it instead. A Lack of Denials For reasons still baffling to political analysts, Zimmermann publicly admitted the telegram’s authenticity. He remained Foreign Secretary for a few more months, until he retired from government in August 1917, largely because there wasnt a job for him anymore. He lived until 1940 and died with Germany again at war, his career overshadowed by one short communication.

Essay about Faustus Study and Opening Speech - 3593 Words

Faustus Study and Opening Speech The scene now shifts to Faustus’s study, and Faustus’s opening speech about the various fields of scholarship reflects the academic setting of the scene. In proceeding through the various intellectual disciplines and citing authorities for each, he is following the dictates of medieval scholarship, which held that learning was based on the authority of the wise rather than on experimentation and new ideas. This soliloquy, then, marks Faustus’s rejection of this medieval model, as he sets aside each of the old authorities and resolves to strike out on his own in his quest to become powerful through magic. As is true throughout the play, however, Marlowe uses Faustus’s own words to expose Faustus’s†¦show more content†¦In Faustus’s long speech after the two angels have whispered in his ears, his rhetoric outlines the modern quest for control over nature (albeit through magic rather than through science) in glowing, inspiring language. He offers a long list of impressive goals, including the acquisition of knowledge, wealth, and political power, that he believes he will achieve once he has mastered the dark arts. While the reader or playgoer is not expected to approve of his quest, his ambitions are impressive, to say the least. Later, the actual uses to which he puts his magical powers are disappointing and tawdry. For now, however, Faustus’s dreams inspire wonder. Having learned the necessary arts from Cornelius and Valdes, Faustus now takes the first step toward selling his soul when he conjures up a devil. One of the central questions in the play is whether Faustus damns himself entirely on his own or whether the princes of hell somehow entrap him. In scene 3, as Faustus makes the magical marks and chants the magical words that summon Mephastophilis, he is watched by Lucifer and four lesser devils, suggesting that hell is waiting for him to make the first move before pouncing on him. Mephastophilis echoes this idea when he insists that he came to Faustus of his own accord when he heard Faustus curse God and forswear heaven, hoping that Faustus’s soul was available for the taking. ButShow MoreRelated Choruses – what is the importance of these speeches in Dr. Faustus?1338 Words   |  6 PagesChoruses – what is the importance of these speeches in Dr. Faustus? The essential function of the chorus speeches are as a commentary, an omnipotent voice which observes Faustus’s actions, clarifies his character and by foreseeing his change in fortunes, heightens the anticipation of the audience. Also, rather like dressing Mephastoples in a Friar costume, the chorus speeches are a practical device used by Marlowe to communicate aspects of the play which are simply impossible to performRead MoreEssay on The Five Knowledges of Dr. Faustus792 Words   |  4 PagesChristopher Marlowes Doctor Faustus is a play that questions both renaissance and medieval ideas. The character of Doctor Faustus is introduced as a renaissance man with degrees in various subjects and an abundance of knowledge from his high education. Unfortunately for him, this knowledge is not sufficient and his cravings for higher knowledge and power soon corrupt his mind and lead him to his ill-fated end. The opening soliloquy introduces Doctor Faustuss areas of knowledge as debate, healthRead MoreDr Faustus as a Tragic Hero4240 Words   |  17 PagesDoctor Faustus as a tragic hero Doctor Faustus is the most famous play of Christopher Marlowe and this play alone has perhaps made that his name will be mortal in the history of English literature and English drama. This play shows that he was of high skilled as a playwright and he could write very good drama. It is a tragedy of Doctor Faustus that is the main point of this play. Before moving on further, we should discuss about the definition of a tragic hero. 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The story of Faustus is based on an actual magician in the fifteenth century who lived in an area of northern Germany. In the play, the common scholarly forms of authority did notRead More Comparing Christopher Marlow’s Doctor Faustus and William Shakespeare’s Macbeth2460 Words   |  10 PagesDesire for Knowledge and Power in Christopher Marlow’s Doctor Faustus and William Shakespeare’s Macbeth Plays written during the Renaissance often show how an individual is shaped by that person’s deepest ambitions, such as the desire to know, to rule, or to love, and how these aspirations can lead people down dramatic paths.   Christopher Marlow’s Doctor Faustus and William Shakespeare’s Macbeth both involve noble protagonists who are portrayed as true subjects -   tragic heroes; their selfhoodRead More Supernatural in Shakespeare’s The Tempest And Marlowe’s The Tragical History of Dr. Faustus3393 Words   |  14 PagesHistory of D. Faustus The supernatural forces are at once alike and distinct in Shakespeare’s The Tempest and in Marlowe’s The Tragical History of D. Faustus. The supernatural is kind to Prospero and his daughter Miranda in The Tempest, while the devils in Dr Faustus eagerly wait for the day that Faustus would join them in Hell. In both plays, the supernatural provides recurrent waves of sounds and feelings, lending special atmospheric qualities to The Tempest and Dr Faustus. The supernaturalRead MoreElizabethan Era11072 Words   |  45 PagesEngland to maintain the individuality of its literature in all the broad currents. The fervor of his temperament was peculiar to the Elizabethan, and in most of his utterances his passionate idiosyncrasy fused itself with the varied fruits of his study. Dependence on foreign example, so far from checking the fervid workings of native sentiment, invigorated, fertilised and chastened it. The matter and manner of Elizabethan literature owed an enormous debt to foreign influence, but Elizabethan individualityRead MoreDuchess Of Malf Open Learn10864 Words   |  44 Pagesassuming that it was shorter than the text that has descended to us. What is interesting is that the title page of the 1623 quarto draws such a clear distinction between the play in performance and the play as a text to be read and savoured in the study. Act 1: setting the scene The representation of love in The Duchess of Malfi begins in earnest with the Duchess’s courtship of and marriage to her steward Antonio. This is also a major dramatic climax, the event which drives the action of the restRead MoreMetz Film Language a Semiotics of the Cinema PDF100902 Words   |  316 Pagesin the Semiotics of the Cinema, 92 Problems of Denotation in the Fiction Film, 108 III Syntagmatic Analysis of the Image Track Chapter 6. Outline of the Autonomous Segments in Jacques Rozier s film Adieu Philippine, 149 Chapter 7. Syntagmatic Study of Jacques Rozier s Film Adieu Philippine, 177 vii viii CONTENTS IV The Modern Cinema: Some Theoretical Problems Chapter 8. The Modern Cinema and Narrativity, 185 Chapter 9. Mirror Construction in Fellini s 8 1/2, 228 Chapter 10. The Saying

Africa the Unknown Continent free essay sample

Trice Riddle Mrs. Jennifer Sikes English 1020 11 February 2009 The Unknown Continent Many people know about it and have seen it on maps before but they still do not pay attention to detail or really care. People still say today that it is a country but it is a continent made up of countries. Many people describe it as the dark continent because it has not developed enough to be like an Asia or the Americas. Its hard to really discover what Africa is and how to define it. The land is rich and the people are full of life. Africa to many is Just a land of desert and is impossible to live in because f the harsh climate. The people of Africa may be struggling its hard to tell on their faces when you visit. They are all smiles and take everyday of life to its fullest. What people do not know is that Africa is one of the most richest in resources. Its hard to find and discover them because they do not have the equipment. Africa to me could be United States of America when they find the right tools and discover the natural resources they have. When I hear the word Africa I think of Egypt, deserts, and the Nile River. Also, South Africa has a couple of really famous golfers that play and ominate the PGA Tour in the United States. Africa needs to have a since of pride from their history and move forward to be a known continent. I want to discover what Africa is and finally put a name to it where people can see that it is a beautiful, strong continent. The history of Africa is priceless. The history is so amazing its hard to tell people about. The African tribes had to rely on each other in order to survive. One of the earliest languages was founded by African tribes. The villagers would communicate by making a clicking sound with their tongues. Even though it has no words, the ifferent sounds and lengths of the pitch was used to understand each other. They still do this today but it is rare. They have found one of the earliest human life forms in history. Since some of the land of Africa was undiscovered, rulers would send out explorers to find some of this land and claim it. Most of the land was claimed by European countries since they were the most powerful at the time. If there was any conflict between land it resulted in fghting. If there were tribes in the way, they would raid them and probably use them as slaves. Many European rulers sent ships o Africa for the slave trade. Slaves were put the bottom of the ship and would fit as many of the slaves as possible. Over 1,600 ships and over 150,000 slaves were boarded to European countries. Many of the slaves had houses to live in, but the other working slaves lived there and they all used and shared the same things. Some slaves were treated bad. They were not fed well and didnt have houses to sleep in. This all ended in the mid 1800s when most of the African empires signed a treaty. Because of the end of slavery, empires were unable to adapt and some even caused ivil wars. Some of these countries are affected from these civil wars that happened about 150 years ago. Africas rich history makes it unique and one of the most The only history people knew about is from the great country of Egypt. A country of pharos and great Egyptian Kings like the most famous one, King Tut. In the ancient time of Egypt, it was one of the greatest countries on earth. It had advances that people today still wonder how it was built. The most amazing architect of this time was the Great Pyramid of Giza, one of the seven ancient wonders of the world. The only ancient wonder to exist. I think that if you could go visit one place with rich history that Egypt would be the place. Running through the middle of Egypt is the worlds longest river, the Nile River. Most of Egypts cities are built around it for water and nutrients. Everything there is so exciting and rich that you could stay there a year and still learn about the Egyptian culture. The land of Africa is considered rich but it has one of the worlds largest deserts. Africa is not technologically developed so finding these resources is next to impossible. This poor country suffers from food, diseases, and the lack of people to care for it like they do for other countries. We see all these little kids and families on television that are anorexic and have very little clothes and food. We try to help them but its hard when all the people around them are suffering Just as bad, if not worse. The richer of the African countries live around lakes and rivers. South Africa being one of the richest countries has its down side too. There is one huge thing thats comes from South Africa and thats PGA Tour golfers. Ernie Els, Retief Goosen, and the most famous one is Gary Player. These are guys who love South Africa and are proud of where they came from. Some of these golfers beat the most famous and number one golfer in the world, Tiger Woods. Gary Player has beaten the best golfer ever in Jack Nicklaus several times. It does not matter where you come from you can do anything you want and always remember where you came from. The home of some of the happiest people with the least to have or give. Africa is a country full of hope, pride, and rich history. This is a country with the poorest people, but they still find a way to look at the positive and enjoy the life they ave and what they have been given. Life is to short not to be happy. They have every reason to be down and to give up, but if we look closely at the details we will see that they survive on each other and each others pride. We need to see how they are living and try to do it. They know every moment they are given is a blessing not Just a another day. Coming closer will teach us about each other and from their we can make the lives around us better. Africa is an important continent that we all need to stop and pay attention to how beautiful it is.

Literature - A Mirror Of Society Essays - Romanticism,

Literature - a Mirror of Society The literature of a country is affected and influenced by how the people of that country live. This paper will prove that The French Revolution greatly influenced 19th Century French Romanticism. First, the cultural values of the revolution will be identified. Then, the different aspects of Romanticism will be presented. The cultural values of The French Revolution and Romanticism will then be linked. Finally, literary examples will be shown to support this connection between the two movements. Before the Revolution, the citizens of France lived in a strict, confined society with no freedom to express their feelings. Government had imposed strong, unfair laws on the common people (Compton's Interactive Encyclopedia ?French Revolution?). They wanted a voice in a stable government with a strong economy (Johnson 105) and a strong sense of individuality and independence within the people. (Moss and Wilson 180) Eighteenth- century literature was much like the society in which it was produced, restrained. Society was divided into privileged and unprivileged classes, (Leinward 452) with Eighteenth- century writers focusing on the lives of the upper class. (Thompson 857) These writers followed ?formal rules?(Thorlby 282), and based their works on scientific observations and logic (Thompson 895). The Revolution gave the common people and writers more freedom to express feelings and stimulated them to use reason. According to Thompson, The Revolution ?had a major impact on Nineteenth- Century European Life.? (895) It sent a strong wave of emotion and revival throughout France (Peyre 59). This lead to new laws and ezdards for the citizens, including newer, less imposing literary ezdards. Romanticism marked a profound change in both literature and thought. Romanticism, according to Webster's Dictionary, is defined as ?a literary movement (as in early 19th century Europe) marked especially by an emphasis on the imagination and emotions and by the use of autobiographical material.? Although this may be true, there is no single commonly accepted definition of Romanticism, but it has some features upon which there is general agreement. First, it emphasized upon human reason, feeling, emotion, and expression (Compton's Interactive Encyclopedia, ?Romanticism?) while emphasizing the love of nature, beauty, and liberty. (Leinward 528-529) Thompson defines Romanticism as ? a major literary and cultural movement? that was inspired by the imaginations, inner feelings, and emotions of the Romantics. (895) If one term can be used to describe the forces that have shaped the modern world, it is Romanticism. (Peyre, 2) Romanticism has had such a profound effect on the world since the late 18th century that one author has called it ?the profoundest cultural transformation in human history since the invention of the city.? (Compton's Encyclopedia, ?Romanticism?) Harvey and Heseltine state that ?The outezding characteristic of 18th-century French literature had been attached to reason.... About the turn of the century.... literature became a matter of senses and emotions.? (633) They also say that the movement of Romanticism ?gave practical expression to the new spirit...? because it recognized that the bounds on literature were ?too rigid?. (634) There are many direct relations how the French Revolution influenced the French Romanticism that followed it in the Nineteenth- century. The French Revolution had a major impact on the timeline and progression of Romanticism. Vinaver states that ?Neither a revolt or a reaction, Romanticism was a revolutionary fulfillment... And this in turn explains why the European event known as the French Revolution is at once the climax [of Romanticism]...It's [French Revolution} date, 1789, conveniently divides the Pre- Romanticism [era] from the full flowering of the new culture.? (6) Romanticism starts in about 1774, but does not take off until the last decade of the 18th- century, the same time as the Revolution. The French Revolution provided for many of the problems and basis for many Romantic literary works. First of all, the political change brought by the Revolution, along with the intellectual reverberations brought upon Romanticism. (Harvey and Heseltine 634) Also, Thompson states that ? [Romanticism was] shaped by the ideals of the French Revolution.? (895) Finally, Vinaver declares that the Revolution served as ?a great source of the problems and tendencies of Romantic proper.? (6) The Revolution also inspired many writers to write romantically. Peyre points this out when